ascorbic acid, and serotonin, with distinct DPV peaks for them. Acetaminophen and

isoniazid pharmaceuticals have been determined together using screen-printed electrodes

modified by a Ti3C2Tx MXene were used. The use of DPV as a detection method allowed

for the separation of acetaminophen and isoniazid and the proposed sensor has shown a

wide working linear range and acceptable detection limit for both analytes. The amazing

characteristics of MXenes to adsorb gaseous materials were extensively exploited in the

development of several MXene-based NH3 sensors [43]. Furthermore, MXenes’ catalytic

capabilities can be used to catalyze the determination of a variety of chemical and bio­

logical substances.

15.4.4 Electrochemical Immunosensors

In 2019, the first MXene-based immunosensor for the sensing of an antigen such as

prostate was created [44]. Then, using a nanocomposite (CuPtRh/NH2- Ti3C2) made up of

trimetallic hollow CuPtRh cubic nanoboxes (CuPtRh CNBs) and a few stacked ultrathin

ammoniated Ti3C2 layers. To support this, Dong, H. et al. constructed the immunosensor

towards the determination of cardiac troponin I [45]. CuPtRh CNBs embedded in NH2-

Ti3C2 served not only as a spacer to prevent the NH2-Ti3C2 layer from irreversibly

restacking, but also as a connector to fix more Ab2 via stable Pt-N and Rh-N bonds,

and the CuPtRh CNBs embedded in NH2-Ti3C2 served not only as a spacer to prevent

the NH2-Ti3C2 layer from irreversibly As an Ab2 label, CuPtRh CNBs/NH2-Ti3C2

has a strong catalytic activity for lowering H2O2, considerably enhancing the electro­

chemical response. Furthermore, H. Medetalibeyoglu et al. [46]. For procalcitonin de­

tection, a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was designed. To increase the

amount of PCT Ab1, they used a delaminated sulfur-doped MXene (d-S-Ti3C2 MXene)

modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with AuNPs as an immunosensor platform and

carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride (c-g-C3N4) to label PCT Ab2 as signal amplification.

15.4.5 DNA-Based Biosensors

Biosensors detect nucleic acids and monitor the hybridization process through optical or

electrical output as an efficient electrochemical tool towards the measurement of bioa­

nalysis assay and in many other applications. The studies revealed that the MXenes could

be utilized as an electrochemical interface towards the greater improvements in the de­

tection sensitivity and monitoring of hybridization. Zheng et al. used a DNA/Pd/Pt

nanocomposite to electrochemically detect dopamine (DA) [47]. Typical DA levels can

indicate schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, to name a few

neurological disorders and acute and chronic diseases. By in situ process, palladium and

platinum nanoparticles were synthesized in presence of DNA/MXene nanocomposite.

The inclusion of DNA prevents Ti3C2 nanosheets from restacking and enhances the even

growth of PdNPs and Pd/Pt NPs, according to the findings. The electrocatalytic activity

of the nanocomposites towards DA was also improved by depositing Pd/Pt NPs onto

Ti3C2 nanosheets [48].

15.4.6 Application of MXene Modified Surfaces for Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatinine

On-site and real-time analysis of biomarkers is paramount important to analyze the target

analytes and which is much essential in the clinical field. On-site applications are limited

by the poor signal response, battery life limits, electrode leaching, low biocompatible

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Bioelectronics